美国 Glottal 计算机接口 MS-110

摘要 · 中文整理：在完整声乐技巧（CVT）体系中，“金属感”（metal）与“密度”（density）是用于描述嗓音音质的听感概念。以往研究已探讨过不同金属感与密度条件对应的声学、电声门图（EGG）与声道相关模式，但迄今尚无研究考察这些音质在空气动力学测量或声门气流波形上的表现。本探索性分析旨在深化对金属感与密度概念的理解，目标是弄清不同程度的金属感与密度如何反映在声学、EGG、空气动力学与声门逆滤波参数以及嗓音效率与经济性参数上。研究录制了两名受过 CVT 训练的歌手（男、女各一名）在三个音高、四种 CVT 发声模式下、按不同“金属感”与“密度”条件演唱辅音—元音音节的样本，记录了声门下压（Psub）、口腔气流（Q）、EGG 与声学信号，计算了 EGG 接触商（CQ）与声门阻力（GR）估计值，用逆滤波研究声门气流波形，并计算了嗓音效率与基于 EGG 的嗓音经济性估计量（准输出—代价比 QOCR）。样本由两组教育背景不同的专家评定紧张感听感。结果显示，金属化发声的声压级、声门下压、声门阻力、接触商与嗓音效率高于非金属化发声（p<0.001），而气流与 QOCR 更低（分别为 p<0.001 与 p=0.009）；声门参数中，金属化发声的谐波丰富度因子更高，H1–H2 与 NAQ 更低。与较满密度相比，减弱密度的声压级、声门下压、气流、嗓音效率（p<0.001）、接触商（p=0.044）、AC 流量与 MFDR 更低，QOCR（p=0.055）与 NAQ 更高。两组专家均认为金属化样本的紧张感高于非金属化样本（p<0.001）。所考察的参数能够区分金属化与非金属化发声以及减弱密度与较满密度条件；金属感与密度虽共享部分指标，但各自形成了特定的参数轮廓。该初步结论仍需更大样本进一步验证，嗓音经济性指标也值得深入研究。

原文摘要：In Complete Vocal Technique (CVT), "metal" and "density" are used as auditory-perceptual concepts to characterize voice quality. Previous studies have explored acoustic, electroglottographic (EGG), and vocal tract-related patterns associated with different metal and density conditions. However, no studies to date have examined how these qualities are reflected in aerodynamic measurements or the glottal flow waveform. This exploratory analysis aimed to provide insights into the concepts of metal and density. The goal was to gain an understanding of how varying degrees of metal and density are reflected in acoustic, EGG, aerodynamic, and glottal inverse-filtering parameters, as well as in vocal efficiency and economy parameters. Two CVT-trained singers (male and female) were recorded while performing consonant-vowel syllables at three pitches across four CVT vocal modes with varying "metal" and "density" conditions. Subglottal pressure (Psub), oral airflow (Q), EGG, and acoustic voice signals were recorded. Contact quotient (CQ) from EGG and an estimate of glottal resistance (GR) were calculated. Glottal flow waveform was studied with inverse filtering. Vocal efficiency and EGG-based estimator of vocal economy (quasi-output-cost ratio [QOCR]) were calculated. Samples were rated for auditory perception of strain by two expert groups with different educational backgrounds. Metallic phonation displayed higher sound pressure level (SPL), Psub, GR, CQ, vocal efficiency (p < 0.001), and lower Q (p < 0.001) and QOCR (p = 0.009) than nonmetallic phonation. Out of glottal parameters, harmonic richness factor was higher and H1-H2 and NAQ lower in metallic phonation. Compared to fuller density, reduced density exhibited lower SPL, Psub, Q, vocal efficiency (p < 0.001), CQ (p = 0.044), AC flow, and MFDR, and higher QOCR (p = 0.055) and NAQ. Strain was rated higher in metallic samples than in nonmetallic samples by vocologists and speech-language pathologists (p < 0.001). The examined parameters distinguished between nonmetallic and metallic phonation as well as between reduced density and fuller density conditions. While metal and density share common measures, they appear to form their own specific profiles. Larger sample sizes are needed to refine these preliminary findings. Indicators of vocal economy warrant further investigation.

关键词：歌唱、声门下压、气流、接触商、嗓音紧张

研究目标：解决 CVT 中「金属感」与「密度」这两个纯听感概念缺乏空气动力学与声门流层面客观依据的问题，弄清它们各自对应怎样的声门下压、气流、声带接触与发声效率／经济性模式。

主要结论：金属感发声相比非金属感发声表现出更高的声压级、声门下压、喉阻力、接触商与发声效率，同时伴随更低的气流；密度饱满相比密度减弱同样表现出更高的声学与空气动力学参数；金属感与密度虽共享部分声学指标，但各自具有可区分的参数轮廓；听感紧张度评分与声门下压、喉阻力和接触商的相关性最强。

创新点：首次将空气动力学测量与声门逆滤波引入 CVT 的金属感／密度研究，把原本只能依靠听感描述的歌唱音质概念与声门下压、喉阻力、发声效率和发声经济性等可量化生理—力学指标建立对应关系，并同步检验其与听感紧张度评分的关联。

后续建议：将双个案扩展为多被试研究，检验金属感与密度参数轮廓的群体稳定性；增加不同训练背景与非训练歌手的对照组，区分技巧效应与个体嗓音特质；补充长时程发声任务，考察高金属感条件下的嗓音负荷与疲劳风险；引入高速喉部成像等直接观测手段，验证接触商与声门下压推断的声带振动模式；对发声效率与经济性指标建立标准化计算流程，便于跨实验室比较

APA 引文：Leppävuori, M., Ikävalko, T., Aaen, M., Sadolin, C., Alku, P., & Laukkanen, A.-M. (2026). “Metal” and “density” in phonation according to Complete Vocal Technique: Double-case study with special reference to vocal efficiency and economy. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. https://doi.org/10.1159/000550742

仪器引用：Oral pressure and airflow were captured using a Glottal Enterprises MS-110 manometer, along with a PT-2E pressure transducer for airflow and a PT-75 transducer for intraoral pressure (Glottal Enterprises, Syracuse, NY, USA).

摘要 · 中文整理：鼻音扩散通常被认为与口腔阻塞性发音不相容，但在若干语言中仍存在腭咽后部的鼻擦音。在某些西班牙语变体中，鼻化喉近音 [ɦ̃] 曾见于受教育程度较低的农村说话人，但其来源尚不清楚，已有例证同时指向鼻音扩散与自发鼻化两种可能。20 世纪中叶的这些描写多属主观听辨，而文献表明鼻化、浊音化与气声在声学上高度重叠，因此这类描写存在问题。本研究在埃斯特雷马杜拉西班牙语中，针对与鼻音扩散和自发鼻化相关的各类音系语境，对 [ɦ̃] 进行空气动力学考察。来自某农村地区、分属两个年龄与受教育程度组的 12 名说话人的初步数据显示，鼻化近音 [ɦ̃] 主要出现在有鼻辅音邻接的重读音节中，且以后向（滞留性）协同发音为主。元音间的 [ɦ] 在各语境中浊音化率都很高，而相邻元音的鼻化程度很低，只有当喉音 [ɦ] 位于非重读音节时相邻元音才表现出鼻化。老年说话人的鼻化显著更强，受教育程度越高鼻化越少。在没有鼻辅音的语境中，较高的浊音化程度或相邻元音的鼻化可能导致以往被误判为鼻化近音。结果指向一种正在进行中的代际变化。

原文摘要：Nasal spreading is often considered incompatible with oral obstruency, yet post-velopharyngeal nasal fricatives occur in several world languages. In certain Spanish varieties, the nasalized glottal approximant [ɦ̃] has been documented among rural speakers with lower educational backgrounds, but its origins remain unclear, as cited examples suggest both nasal spreading and spontaneous nasalization. These mid 20th-century descriptions are impressionistic, which is problematic given the acoustic overlap between nasality, voicing, and breathiness reported in the literature. This study explores [ɦ̃] aerodynamically in Extremaduran Spanish across phonological contexts associated with both nasal spreading and spontaneous nasalization. Preliminary data from 12 speakers from a rural area across two age and education-level groups show that the nasalized approximant [ɦ̃] occurs mainly in stressed syllables in the presence of nasal consonants, particularly via perseverative coarticulation. Intervocalic [ɦ] displays high voicing rates across environments, while adjacent vowels show minimal nasality, except for those in contexts where the glottal [ɦ] occurred in unstressed syllables. Elderly speakers nasalize significantly more, and higher education correlates with reduced nasalization. In contexts without nasal consonants, high voicing or adjacent vowel nasality may have led to earlier misclassifications as nasalized approximants. The results point to an ongoing generational change.

关键词：空气动力学、西班牙语、协同发音、鼻化、喉近音

研究目标：解决以往仅凭主观听辨描写的鼻化喉近音 [ɦ̃] 来源不明的问题：它究竟源于邻接鼻辅音的协同发音扩散，还是源于喉音自身引发的自发鼻化，并检验鼻化是否正在发生代际变化。

主要结论：鼻化喉近音主要出现在有鼻辅音邻接的重读音节中，且以滞留性（后向）协同发音为主，说明其主要来源是鼻音扩散而非自发鼻化；老年及低教育程度说话人鼻化更强，提示该现象正在经历代际消退；在无鼻辅音语境中观察到的所谓鼻化，很可能是高浊音化或相邻元音鼻化造成的听辨误判。

创新点：首次用口鼻双通道气流的客观空气动力学手段替代传统的主观听辨描写，在同一实验中把鼻音扩散语境与无鼻辅音语境对立设计，从而将鼻音协同发音与自发鼻化（鼻音—喉音亲和）两条路径分离，并引入年龄与受教育程度作为社会变量检验正在进行的语音变化。

后续建议：扩大被试规模并增加中间年龄段与中等教育程度组，使代际变化曲线更连续；增加鼻腔气压或腭咽口面积的直接测量，与鼻流量比互相印证；同步采集鼻化的声学参数（如 A1-P0）并与气流指标做一致性分析；引入自发言语或半结构化访谈语料，检验朗读任务之外的鼻化表现；对其他存在鼻化喉音的西班牙语变体做平行实验，检验结论的跨方言普遍性

APA 引文：Beristain, A. (2026). Pathways to nasalization of the glottal approximant /h/ in Extremaduran Spanish: an aerodynamic exploration. Phonetica, 83(2), 47-86. https://doi.org/10.1515/phon-2025-0059

仪器引用：Oral and nasal airflow were captured via two PT-2E wide-band pressure transducers linked to an MS-110 A/D converter connected to a Dell Precision 3480 computer. Speech airflow data were collected using the DualView System (Glottal Enterprises, Inc., Syracuse, NY). The pressure transducers were then inserted in an OroNasal 2-Chamber CV adult mask (Glottal Enterprises, Inc., Syracuse, NY) with a handle.

摘要 · 中文整理：本研究考察意大利语元音间 /v/ 与 /vː/ 各变体声学属性的变异。意大利语是类型学上少见的、齿唇浊擦音在音位层面存在长短对立的语言。通过对来自三个地域变体（威尼托、罗马、卡拉布里亚）共 18 名说话人朗读语料的声学分析，本文考察实现模式是否受韵律因素（短语位置与重音位置）与指示性因素（地域变体与说话人性别）的影响。结果显示 /v/ 有相当高的比例（47%）实现为近音 [ʋ]。与长辅音「不可变性」原则相反，/vː/ 同样表现出很大的调音变异性，36% 的记号呈现收紧度增强，其中 17% 的记号实现为此前未见记载的塞音式齿唇音 [b̪ː]。贝叶斯建模显示，/v/ 的近音变体在短语末的出现频率高于短语中，男性说话人更可能产出收紧度更高的 /vː/ 变体。未观察到地域变体的一致性效应，提示这种变异可能在意大利全境普遍存在。此外，仅音位长度本身即可显著预测时长。因此，尽管 /v/ 与 /vː/ 之间的语音差异有所增强，说话人最可能仍主要依靠时长来区分这一对音位。

原文摘要：This study examines the variation in the acoustic properties of the allophones of intervocalic /v/ and /vː/ in Italian, a typologically unusual case where voiced labiodental fricatives contrast phonemically in length. Through an acoustic analysis of read speech from 18 speakers across three regional varieties (Veneto, Roman, Calabrian), we investigate whether realization patterns are shaped by prosodic (phase position and stress placement) and indexical factors (regional variety and speaker sex). Results indicate that /v/ frequently (47%) surfaces as an approximant [ʋ]. In contrast with the principle of geminate 'inalterability', /vː/ also exhibits great articulatory variability, with 36% of tokens showing increased constriction including 17% of all tokens realized as a previously undocumented plosive-like labiodental [b̪ː]. Bayesian modelling reveals that approximant variants of /v/ occur more frequently phrase-finally than phrase-medially and that male speakers are more likely to produce more constricted allophones of /vː/. No consistent effects of regional variety were observed, suggesting that the variation may be widespread across Italy. Furthermore, phonemic length alone significantly predicts duration. Therefore, notwithstanding the enhanced phonetic differentiation between /v/ and /vː/, it seems most likely speakers rely primarily on duration to distinguish the pair.

关键词：齿唇浊擦音、意大利语长辅音化、辅音强度、声学语音学、调音变异性

研究目标：解决意大利语元音间齿唇浊擦音 /v/ 与其长对应音 /vː/ 实际实现方式不清的问题，检验二者是否存在弱化为近音或强化为塞音式的变异，以及韵律与说话人指示性因素在其中的作用。

主要结论：/v/ 有近半数实现为近音 [ʋ]，/vː/ 也并非不可变，约三分之一的记号收紧度增强，并出现此前未见记载的塞音式齿唇音 [b̪ː]；近音变体更常见于短语末，男性说话人更倾向产出收紧度更高的 /vː/；地域变体无一致效应，说明该变异在全意大利可能普遍存在；尽管语音差异增强，说话人区分长短对立仍主要依赖时长。

创新点：首次报道意大利语中 /vː/ 的塞音式齿唇实现 [b̪ː]，挑战了长辅音「不可变性」原则；在方法上以 MS-110 配合气流与口内压的同步空气动力学记录为调音强度连续统建立客观判据，再结合三地域 18 名说话人的大样本声学语料与贝叶斯建模，把韵律、性别与地域因素统一纳入分析。

后续建议：将空气动力学测量从示范性记录扩展到全部被试，使调音强度判别不依赖声学间接推断；补充超声或电磁发音仪等直接发音观测，验证塞音式齿唇音的舌唇构型；扩大地域变体覆盖范围并纳入更多社会变量，检验变异的全国普遍性；增加自发言语语料，考察朗读任务之外的弱化与强化比例；设计感知实验，检验听者对近音与塞音式变体的范畴化与长短判断依据

APA 引文：Dian, A., Hajek, J., & Fletcher, J. (2026). The acoustic realization of intervocalic /v/ and /vː/ in Italian: evidence of articulatory variability. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 56, e7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100325100881

仪器引用：Airflow (top) and intraoral pressure (bottom) of [afa] measured in Aeroview using a Rothenberg mask, a MS-110 transducer electronic unit, and PT-2E and PT-25 pressure transducers, all by Glottal Enterprises, Inc.