美国 Glottal 电子声门仪 EG2-PCX2

摘要 · 中文整理：目的：关于从西方古典唱法到当代流行音乐等不同歌唱风格的嗓音效率，迄今可用的数据仍很有限。本单被试研究试图量化人体声门内的声强如何随不同的声道构型与声带振动方式而变化。方法：将由三维磁共振数据构建的有限元模型、音频录音与电声门图（EGG）相结合，分析声道传递函数、声门处的质点速度与声压以及电声门图相关量，据此评估依 Estill 嗓音训练体系划分的不同嗓音音质在声门层面的嗓音效率与共鸣特性。结果：歌剧与贝尔特这两种音质是高效率策略，但采用不同的元音策略，因而应当能够压过乐队的声音。鼻腔亮音与贝尔特使用相似的元音，但鼻腔亮音的声道构型会产生反共振，并伴随声带接触减少，不过从声门到声道的能量传递仍部分相当。说话声在声门到声道的能量传递上高效，但由于缺乏相应的共鸣策略而更易受噪声干扰。假声与哭腔效率较低：假声主要源于其声源特性，哭腔则源于声道内的能量损耗，因此这两种情况可能需要借助技术扩声。结论：不同嗓音音质在声强上存在差异，其原因在于声道形态与声带振动特性的不同。把人体内部几何的数值分析与体外实测数据相结合，有助于揭示声门层面的声学量。

原文摘要：Purpose: Concerning voice efficiency considerations of different singing styles, from western classical singing to contemporary commercial music, only limited data is available to date. This single-subject study attempts to quantify the acoustic sound intensity within the human glottis depending on different vocal tract configurations and vocal fold vibration. Methods: Combining Finite-Element-Models derived from 3D-MRI data, audio recordings, and electroglottography (EGG) we analyzed vocal tract transfer functions, particle velocity and acoustic pressure at the glottis, and EGG-related quantities to evaluate voice efficiency at the glottal level and resonance characteristics of different voice qualities according to Estill Voice Training. Results: Voice qualities Opera and Belting represent highly efficient strategies but apply different vowel strategies and should thus be capable of predominate orchestral sounds. Twang and Belting use similar vowels, but the twang vocal tract configuration enabled the occurrence of anti-resonances and was associated with reduced vocal fold contact but still partially comparable energy transfer from the glottis to the vocal tract. Speech was associated with highly efficient glottal to vocal tract energy transfer, but with the absence of psychoactive strategies makes it more susceptible to noise interference. Falsetto and Sobbing apply less efficiently. Falsetto mainly due to its voice source characteristics, Sobbing due to energy loss in the vocal tract. Thus technical amplification might be appropriate here. Conclusion: Differences exist between voice qualities regarding the sound intensity, caused by different vocal tract morphologies and oscillation characteristics of the vocal folds. The combination of numerical analysis of geometries inside the human body and experimentally determined data outside sheds light on acoustical quantities at the glottal level.

关键词：磁共振成像数据、发声、有限元建模、声强、嗓音效率、声道共鸣、Estill 嗓音训练体系

研究目标：量化不同歌唱音质在声门水平的声强与发声效率，揭示声道形态与声带振动如何共同决定能量传递。

主要结论：歌剧与 Belting 效率最高，言语高效但抗噪性差，Twang 存在反共振且声带接触减少，假声与哭腔效率较低宜采用扩声；各音质具有由其生理机制决定的特定动态范围。

创新点：首次将 MRI 声道有限元模型、消声室高质量音频与 EG2-PCX2 EGG 数据相结合，从声门层面定量比较 Estill 体系多种音质的效率。

后续建议：扩大到多名不同声部的歌手以验证结论；引入动态 MRI 捕捉发声过程中声道的时变形态；结合高速喉镜直接验证 EGG 推断的声带接触模式；将模型拓展到含声门下系统的完整发声模型；评估不同音质的长期嗓音负荷与健康风险

APA 引文：Fleischer, M., Rummel, S., Stritt, F., Fischer, J., Bock, M., Echternach, M., Richter, B., & Traser, L. (2022). Voice efficiency for different voice qualities combining experimentally derived sound signals and numerical modeling of the vocal tract. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 1081622. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1081622

仪器引用：In a second measurement, we asked the participant to perform the same tasks in a sound-treated room for high-quality audio and electroglottographic recordings (EGG, Glottal enterprises, Syracuse NY, United States, EG2-PCX2).

摘要 · 中文整理：清浊对立在言语运动发育过程中较难掌握，辅音清化这一音系过程在言语声音障碍（SSD）儿童中非常常见。因此本研究旨在刻画有与无 SSD 的儿童随发音部位变化所采用的口腔与喉部调音控制策略。研究用语速与相对口腔气流幅度（flow）分析儿童对口腔调音的控制，用基频（fo）、开商（OQ）以及清浊音强度分类考察喉部行为。研究通过图片命名任务，从 13 名 SSD 儿童与 17 名非 SSD 儿童（年龄 5;0 至 7;8）采集了详细的言语语言评估资料、口腔气流信号与电声门图信号。两组儿童的语速与气流幅度无显著差异，但发音部位对气流幅度有统计上可靠的影响。两组儿童的相对基频（反映辅音—元音过渡中的基频变化）与开商取值不同，发音部位对浊音强度有影响。所有儿童的口腔清浊音调音控制非常相似，但 SSD 儿童使用的喉部调音策略效率较低（声门下阻尼更高、每个声门周期由肺部呼出的气量更多）。

原文摘要：Voicing contrast is hard to master during speech motor development, and the phonological process of consonant devoicing is very frequent in children with Speech Sound Disorders (SSD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterise the oral and laryngeal articulation control strategies used by children with and without SSD as a function of place of articulation. The articulation rate and relative oral airflow amplitude (flow) were used to analyse how children controlled oral articulation; fundamental frequency (fo), open quotient (OQ), and a classification of voicing were used to explore laryngeal behaviour. Data from detailed speech and language assessments, oral airflow and electroglottography signals were collected from 13 children with SSD and 17 children without SSD, aged 5; 0 to 7; 8, using picture naming tasks. Articulation rate and flow in children with and without SSD were not significantly different, but a statistically reliable effect of place on flow was found. Children with and without SSD used different relative fo (which captures changes in fo during the consonant-vowel transition) and OQ values, and place of articulation had an effect on the strength of voicing. All children used very similar oral articulation control of voicing, but children with SSD used less efficient laryngeal articulation strategies (higher subglottal damping and more air from the lungs expelled in each glottal cycle) than children without SSD.

关键词：言语声音障碍、儿童、言语产出、言语、语言与听力评估

研究目标：刻画言语音障碍儿童与正常儿童在不同发音部位下控制浊音的口腔与喉部构音策略差异。

主要结论：两组儿童口腔构音控制相似，但 SSD 儿童在喉部策略上效率更低，表现为基频调整不足和更高的开商；发音部位影响浊音强度与口腔气流。

创新点：同步采用 EGG 与口腔气流测量，从生理层面揭示 SSD 儿童辅音清化背后的喉部调控机制，而非仅依赖听觉判断。

后续建议：扩大样本并纳入更多年龄段以观察发育轨迹；加入干预前后对比评估治疗对喉部策略的影响；结合声学分析与 EGG 建立自动浊音分类模型；考察其他语言背景儿童以验证跨语言普适性

APA 引文：Wertzner, H. F., Pagan-Neves, L., & Jesus, L. M. T. (2022). Oral and Laryngeal Articulation Control of Voicing in Children with and without Speech Sound Disorders. Children, 9(5), 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050649

仪器引用：The EGG signal generated by a Glottal Enterprises Model EG2-PCX2 processor, the oral airflow signal captured by a S/T-MC1 oro-nasal two-chamber circumferentially vented (CV) child mask (Glottal Enterprises, Syracuse, NY, USA) and a PT-2E pressure transducer (Glottal Enterprises, Syracuse, NY, USA) for measuring the airflow at the mouth, were recorded with a MS 110 electronics unit (Glottal Enterprises, Syracuse, NY, USA), connected via an audio interface (iMic, Griffin Technology, Nashville, TN, USA) to a laptop computer running Waveview Pro Version 4.5 (16 bits, 44.1 kHz sampling frequency).