1.competence:Chomsky, the ideal user`s internalized knowledge of his language.

2.dialectal synonyms:

"lift""elevator"

3.presupposes

4.sound combination: kilb:permissible according to the sequential rules in English

5.prediction analysis:a way proposed by the structural semanticsts to analyze the meaning of a sentence.

6.Searle,the illocutionary acts:whose point is to commit the speaker t some future course of action are called----commissives

7.the function of the utterance"Nice weather,isnt,it?"---phatic

8.language is producuctive

9.features of language:over come the limitations of time and space in communication---displacement

1. duality
   

2. aspiration

3. voicing

4. lip-rounding

5. nasalization

6. Searle`s classification of speech act:

-commussices

direatives:advising

expressives

assertives

7.mentalinguistic:the function of usding language to explain the meaning of language itself.

8.referential

9.conative

10.the study of articulatory phonetics:

-how speech sounds are:produced\classified\described

11.tongue most flexible

12.alveolar

labio-dental

-palatal

13.n-incorrect:velar nasal instead of the alveolar nasal-assimilation rule at work

-deletion rule

sequential rule

morphological rule

14.flouting of the maxim of manner

CP

pragmatic failure

a grammatical mistake

15.Halliday`s terms register:the type of language selected as appropriate to a type of situation

16.black english:

-has its orior

own fetures at the sound,word,and sentence level

-tend to impress people as uneducated and inferior

-just another non-standard variety of English

17.flouted the maxim of quantity

18.women doest not speaker quickly than men.

19.idiolect

sociolect

gender speech

local dialectgated，

20.statement-negate，presupposition still ture

21.

-minimal pair

22.classifying vowels，criterion：

-tongue position

-openness of the mouth

-length of sound

23.feature of phoneme:

-an abstruct unit

-it is a collection of phonetic features

-it is realized as a phone in a particular context

24."above""below"---relational antonyms

25.imperative sentence::typically used to perform the speech acts of directives.

26.with the exception of aspiration,all of the folowing are phonological features used in English.

i.e.they can distinguish meaning.

27.pragmalinguistic failure

sociopragmatic failure

flouting of the maxim of manner

flouting of the maxim of relation

28.entails:"JOhn bought a Ford" entalis "John bought a car."

29.whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by selectional restrictions.

-rules of grammar

-the cooperative principle

-the Cp maxims

30.the inference of conventional implicature depends on the hearer`s jnowledge of the language

31.morphology:is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

32.the meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is usually grammatical.

33.refixes:modify the meaning of the stem,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.

34."open class words"--conjunction

35.affixes-bound morphemes,because they cannot be used as separate words.

36.

:inflectional

37.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:

38.denotative means of word.

39.linguistic nationalism:French

40.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:language and thought

41.-nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned,both are passed on from generation to generation ,and both involve share understandings.

-studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture`s underlying attitudes and values

-5 basic functions:to repeat\complement\substitute for a verbal action,to regulate,to contradict a communnication event.

42.euphemism:a mild,indirect or less offensive word or expression that serves to aviod more direct wording that might be harsh,unpleasanty direct,offensive.

pass away.

43.meaning-shift:the fact that a lexcial item may undergo a shift in meaning is called meaning-shift in linguistics.

44.language change:universal\continuous\to a large extent,regular and systematic.

45.compounding:is a prcess of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.

46.morphological changes:

the loss of morphological rules

the addition o f morphological rules

the alteration of morphological rules

47.Chomsky:the universal Grammar is pre-equipped in children`s brains.

Linguistic environment plays an important role in first language learning.

48.under-extension:the child may get confused at hearing the color of white.....

49.telegraohic speech"mommy sock"

50.pragmatic development:the children know the taboo words,the polite forms of address.

51.a minor role:in first language acquisition,imitation plays.

52.vast majority of children,language development occurs with little conscious instruction.

53.the development of linguistic skilld:the acquisition of  grammatical rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.

54.Krashen `s Input Hypothesis

55. a tyoe of linguistic system in L2 learning，interlanguage is a product of L2 training ,mother tongue interference,overgeneralization of the target language rules,and learning the communicative strategies of the learner.

56.SLA: is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the proceses by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.

57.contrastive analysis:the greater the diddrence,the greter the interference of the native language with the target language would be .

58.wh-movement：“Tom gave the book to mary."can be changed to"to whom did Tom give the book?"

59.phrases:syntactic units that are built around a certain word category.

60.modifiers:the elements in a phrase that specify optionally expressible properties of heads are called modifiers.

61.the human brain:1400gram.

62.neurons:the basic information processing units of the nervous system is termed as neurons.

63.it is the cerebral cortex that accounts for the human distinctness in the animal world.

64.temporal lobe:is responsible for audition,memory processing and sensory integration

65.occipital lobe at the back of the cerebrum is responsible for visual processing.

66.the occipital lobe is respondible for reading ability and sensations.

67.the frontal lode:which lies in front of the central sulcus,is responsible for planning ,prediction,speech and discrete movements of the body.

68.the timed -reading experiment .

69.CT-scanning :X-ray

70.the priming experiment is a technique used to explore how words are related in the mind.